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Are human activities the primary drivers of climate change?
Unchallenged
There have been warmer periods in human history.
Estimates show temperatures during The Medieval Warm Period (approximately 800 to 1300 AD) were warmer than today, and scientists think it may have been the result of decreases in volcanic activity (rather than having anything to do with humans).
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Unchallenged
Humans have contributed to climate change by burning fossil fuels.
Global consumption of coal, oil and gas has surged since the 19th century, which is concurrent with significant increases in both atmospheric carbon dioxide and average global temperature.
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Unchallenged
Humans are responsible for (pretty much all) deforestation.
Humans have significantly reduced the number of trees on earth - by cutting down forests for farming, grazing livestock, mining, drilling, urbanisation, producing palm oil and harvesting timber for commercial items - limiting the planet's ability to process atmospheric CO2.
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Unchallenged
Climate change has happened in the past (likely) as a result of volcanic activity.
Evidence suggests that a period of cooling (often called the "Little Ice Age"), which occured from the 16th century to 19th century, was a result of increased volcanic activity.
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Unchallenged
Temperatures are on the rise as we are still coming out of a period of glaciation.
The peak of the last glacial period was only 20,000 years ago. The global temperature was around 5 degrees celcuis colder than today.
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Unchallenged
The number of vehicles on the roads across the globe is at an all time high.
There are an estimated 1.2 billion vehicles on the road around the world, the vast majority of which are fossil fuel-powered. Humans are significantly contributing to climate change by using fossil fuel-powered vehicles.
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Unchallenged
Scientists have ruled out all possible natural drivers of climate change.
Solar irradiance has declined in the last 35 years and Milankovitch cycles show that the climate should be cooling, not warming. No natural drivers can account for current climate change; anthropogenic drivers of climate change are all that remain.
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Unchallenged
Humans are the cause of recent global warming.
The industrial activities of modern civilisation (such as the burning of fossil fuels for electricity) has raised atmospheric concentration of gases, such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to a greenhouse effect.
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Unchallenged
97% of climate scientists believe humans are the cause of climate change.
Estimates drawn from surveys of thousands of scientific papers show that, among actively publishing climate sciencists, there is broad consensus that humans are the cause of climate change.
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Unchallenged
The proportion of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels is increasing with respect to carbon dioxide from natural sources.
Carbon in CO2 from fossil fuels has a different signature to the carbon in CO2 from natural sources. Scientists have deduced that since the start of the industrial era fossil fuels are the biggest contributor to carbon dioxide.
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Unchallenged
Because of human activity the amount of methane in the atmosphere has doubled since 1750, causing a quarter of global warming.
Humans produce atmospheric methane through the global livestock and farming industries, through their decaying waste on landfill sites, and through leakage from the oil and gas industry.
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Unchallenged
Around 8,000 years ago, temperatures were warmer than they are today.
During the climatic optimum, temperatures were 1-2 degrees celcius warmer than they are today. The climatic optimum was one consequence of changes in Earth's orbit as it entered the Holocene.
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Unchallenged
Gravitational forces from other planets cause Earth to undergo cyclical climate changes.
Milankovitch cycles result in changes in Earth's climate and last about 100,000 years. They are caused by changes in Earth's orbit and rotation axis (hence maximum sunlight intensity), which changes are themselves caused by gravitational forces of other planets such as Juipter.
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Unchallenged
The current rate of global warming is too fast to have resulted from natural cycles.
Global warming from Earth's axis tilting or its orbit changing usually takes thousands of years. Recent warming has taken place over the last 150 years. Current global warming is unnaturally rapid.
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Unchallenged
Historically, changes in the rate of CO2 emissions coincide with changes in global economic growth.
Carbon dioxide emission rates very closely follow global economic growth. CO2 emissions are a byproduct of global economic growth and cause climate change.
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Most Validated
Solar variability doesn't account for the steep incline in global warming since the 1960s.
Since the 1960s, climate records have made a significant departure from solar irradiance. Therefore, the sun cannot be the sole cause of recent warming.
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Less Validated
Solar variability has a major influence on Earth's climate.
Since 1850, solar irradiance has been consistent with changes in climate records, showing that the sun has a dominant influence over Earth's climate.
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Unchallenged
Humans may be producing more CO2—that doesn't mean they're causing climate change.
No evidence that atmospheric CO2 is causing climate change has been produced; all climate simulations are based on an assumption that CO2 is the cause.
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Unchallenged
Humans burning fossil fuels causes acid rain.
Two thirds of atmospheric sulphur dioxide and a quarter of atmospheric nitrus oxide come from the burning of fossil fuels for electricity. Sulfuric and nitric acids form in the atmopshere and fall to the ground with rain.
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Unchallenged
Humans have reversed the effects of climate change before. This demonstrates the magnitude of human agency in regard to climate change.
Since the CFC ban in the 1980s, the ozone layer has shown signs of recovery. This is tangible evidence that not only shows human activities were a driver of a particular type of climate change, but also shows an activity's regulation can drive reversal of that climate change.
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Unchallenged
Climate change (as a result of geological cycles) causes carbon dioxide to rise—not vice versa.
Evidence from ice cores reveal that, following the last Ice Age, temperatures increased for 600-800 years before carbon dioxide levels in the atmopshere increased; a rise in CO2 was the consequence of global warming, not the cause.