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Is mass immigration a net positive or a net negative?
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Ethnic diversity can improve subjective well-being of citizens.
A level of immigration in ethnically diverse areas improves citizens' well-being. Multicultural environments have greater social capital, productivity and satisfaction with leisure.
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In the US, immigrants are twice as likely (than natives) to become entrepreneurs.
Individuals who are more open to new experiences are more likely to migrate; employment discrimination can lead to immigrants becoming self-employed, and cross-cultural experience helps immigrants identify new business ventures.
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Economic migration boosts GDP growth.
Economic migrants tend to have a young age profile compared to native populations, which improves the ratio of active workers to dependents.
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Evidence suggests that, in the UK, migration has had a negative effect on the wages of low-paid workers.
Between 1992 and 2017, (all) workers within the bottom tenth of the wage scale have seen their earnings decrease by 5% in real terms. Migrants also have higher employment rates than those born in Britain.
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EU migrants in the UK contribute more in taxes than they receive in benefits or public services.
Study finds EU migrants make a net-positive contribution to the UK economy by generating more for the finance of state benefits and public services than they use. Compared with the UK's native population, EU migrants tend to be richer, younger, and have fewer children.
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Immigration lowers house prices.
In some areas, an increase in immigrant population equal to 1% of the local population reduces house prices by 1.7%. In these areas, native wages have decreased and local income has decreased; consequently, natives move away and the cost of houses decreases.
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Immigration has no effect on violent crime.
In the UK, neither 1990s - 2000s asylum seekers nor post-2004 EU immigration led to an increase in violent crime. Immigrants who are likely to have poor labour market opportunities are not more likely to commit violent crime than native workers.
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In certain scenarios, immigration can lead to a small rise in property crime.
In the UK, a wave of asylum seekers in the 1990s and 2000s resulted in a small increase in property crime. This is because asylum seekers had fewer labour market opportunities than other immigrants and were not able to choose where to live—they had limited economic agency.
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Post-2004 EU immigration to the UK led to a decrease in crime.
Immigration to the UK from EU A8 (Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia) led to a decrease in crime. Migrants could choose to live anywhere in the UK and had relatively good labour market opportunities.
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On the whole, immigration has actually had the effect of reducing waiting times for NHS services.
Migrants tend to be young, fit and healthy. Also, an increase in immigration makes it more likely that natives will move or use different health services. Immigration has helped to disperse demand for healthcare throughout the UK.
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Increases in immigration has led to a shortage of school places in England.
An increase in births to non-UK born mothers and the growing number of school-aged migrants has led to a shortage of school places in England.
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Immigrants do jobs that natives don't want.
Post-2004 EU enlargement led to UK farmers having more access to cheap to labour for jobs that British workers increasingly did not want to do. Such jobs have long hours and low pay. The result was an increase in home-grown food produce.
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Immigration helps alleviate world poverty.
Economic migrants often make substantially more money when they move country, which helps their families at home out of poverty.
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Immigrants help lower the price of goods and services for consumers.
Employing immigrants allows companies to keep the cost of the goods or services they provide at a low prices because the cost of labour is lower.
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In Germany, refugees were the main driver of a 10% rise in violent crime in 2015-2016.
90% of a 10% increase of violent crime in Germany in 2015-16 was attributable to refugees. However, violent crime was disproportionately committed by those whom Germany was unlikely to grant asylum because of their country of origin; they knew they had little chance of staying.
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Diversity can decrease social cohesion.
Various studies have shown that high ethnic diversity is associated with low social cohesion. On average, in diverse communities there's less trust, altruism and cooperation.
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Immigration has helped to support the US's aging population.
Immigration improves the ratio of workers to dependants in an economy (such as the US). Countries with a high proportion of elderly people are equipped with more funds from taxation in order to handle the economic strain of an aging population.
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Immigration can lead to natives gaining broader skill sets.
In response to immigrants who have similar professional backgrounds to them, natives are encouraged to acquire new skills and knowledge in order to stay competitive in the job market.
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Immigration can increase the risk of diseases spreading globally.
Migrants tend to travel back and forth between areas with different risk levels for particular diseases. This can increase the chances of diseases spreading to areas of low risk.
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Immigration can affect natives' access to social housing.
Immigration leads to an increased demand for social housing, which increases the pressure to build new social houses and puts natives at a higher risk of not obtaining social housing.