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Although the earnings gap between the typical white and black man began narrowing from 1940, the trend stopped in the mid-1970s and has since widened. As of 2018, the difference in earnings was as large as it was in the 1950s.
If you were alive in 1800, there was a chance of 9 in 10 that you weren’t able to read—today more than 8 out of 10 people are able to read. In 1820 only every 10th person older than 15 years was literate; in 1930 it was every third and now we are at 86% globally.
In 2015 child mortality was down to 4.3%—10-fold lower than 2 centuries ago. In pre-modern times around half of all children died—in 1800 the health conditions were such that around 43% of the world’s newborns died before their 5th birthday.
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As of 2015, the share of the world population in extreme poverty had fallen below 10%—particularly remarkable considering the world population has increased 7-fold over the last two decades. In 1950, two-thirds of the world were still living in extreme poverty.
Throughout the 19th century, more than a third of the population lived in colonial regimes and almost everyone else lived in autocratically ruled countries (where one person has unlimited power). As of 2015, more than every second person in the world (50%+) lives in a democracy.
In 2018, Freedom in the World recorded the 13th consecutive year of decline in global freedom. The international human rights group warned that between 2005 and 2018, the share of "Not Free" countries rose to 26%, while the share of "Free" countries declined to 44%.
A projection by researchers at Oxford University shows that by 2100, there will be almost no one without formal education and there will be more than 7 billion minds who will have received at least secondary education.
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As of 2015, depression was deemed the leading cause of disability worldwide. It was estimated that over a quarter of citizens of working age had suffered from depression. And diagnoses for the illness have continued to increase.
In places like this, people still rely on burning wood, cow dung, sugar cane and other solid fuels. During one extreme pollution event in New Delhi in late 2016, the levels were more than 25 times the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) standard.
There's been an improvement in carbon monoxide emissions. Particulate matter has been reduced in most locations by significant amounts, oftentimes by about 50 percent over the past 30 years.